Design and implementation of code acquisition using sparse Fourier transform

doi:10.23919/JSEE.2024.000015

Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics ›› 2024, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 1063-1072.doi: 10.23919/JSEE.2024.000015

收稿日期:2022-03-15 接受日期:2023-12-12 出版日期:2024-10-18 发布日期:2024-11-06

Design and implementation of code acquisition using sparse Fourier transform

Chen ZHANG¹(), Jian WANG²^,*(), Guangteng FAN²(), Shiwei TIAN²()

¹ College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
² National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 100071, China

Received:2022-03-15 Accepted:2023-12-12 Online:2024-10-18 Published:2024-11-06
Contact: Jian WANG E-mail:zhangchen@nudt.edu.cn;wangjian710108@126.com;fanguangteng@163.com;wxzd2018@126.com
About author:
ZHANG Chen was born in 1978. She received her B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), China, in 2000, 2002 and 2006, respectively. She is currently an associate professor of College of Electronic Science and Technology, NUDT. Her main research interests include wireless communication and network security. E-mail: zhangchen@nudt.edu.cn

WANG Jian was born in 1990. He received his Ph.D. degree from National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China in 2017. From September 2015 to September 2016, he was a visiting scholar at the Integrated Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. Since 2018, he has been a research associate at National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Science, Beijing, China. His research interests are in the area of digital signal processing and special-purpose VLSI processor architectures. E-mail: wangjian710108@126.com

FAN Guangteng was born in 1988. He received his Ph.D. degree from the College of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, in 2016. He is currently an associate professor of the National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Science, Beijing, China. His main research interests include global navigation satellite system signal acquisition and tracking. E-mail: fanguangteng@163.com

TIAN Shiwei was born in 1987. He received his B.S. degree in electronic information engineering from Xidian University, Xian, in 2008, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in communication and information system from the Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, in 2011 and 2015, respectively. Since 2015, he has been an assistant professor with the College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, and since 2021, he has worked in National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology. His main research interests are satellite navigation, satellite communication, and cooperative positioning. E-mail: wxzd2018@126.com
Supported by:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61801503).

摘要/Abstract

Abstract:

Code acquisition is the kernel operation for signal synchronization in the spread-spectrum receiver. To reduce the computational complexity and latency of code acquisition, this paper proposes an efficient scheme employing sparse Fourier transform (SFT) and the relevant hardware architecture for field programmable gate array (FPGA) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation. Efforts are made at both the algorithmic level and the implementation level to enable merged searching of code phase and Doppler frequency without incurring massive hardware expenditure. Compared with the existing code acquisition approaches, it is shown from theoretical analysis and experimental results that the proposed design can shorten processing latency and reduce hardware complexity without degrading the acquisition probability.

Key words: code acquisition, hardware structure, sparse Fourier transform (SFT), code phase estimation, Doppler frequency estimation

. [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2024, 35(5): 1063-1072.

Chen ZHANG, Jian WANG, Guangteng FAN, Shiwei TIAN. Design and implementation of code acquisition using sparse Fourier transform[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2024, 35(5): 1063-1072.

图/表 14

参考文献 31

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Hardware module	FFT-based acquisition [5]			SFT-based acquisition
Hardware module	Complex adder	Complex multiplier	Memory/bits	Complex adder	Complex multiplier	Memory/bits
FFT	$2{\log _2}N$	${\log _2}N$	$4N{w_Y}$	$2{\log _2}N$	${\log _2}N$	$2N{w_Y}$
Sequence multiplication and caching	—	$p$	$(4p + 2){w_Y}$	$p$	$p$	$ 8N{w_Y} + 4(p - 1)N{w_\Delta } + N{w_Y} + 2L{w_Y} $
IFFT	$2p{\log _2}N$	$p{\log _2}N$	—	$2{\log _2}B$	${\log _2}B$	$2B{w_Y}$
Parameter estimation	—	—	—	$3\beta $	$\beta $	$N{w_C}$

FPGA resource	FFT-based acquisition [5]		SFT-based acquisition
FPGA resource	$p = 4$	$p = 8$	$p = 4$	$p = 8$
Slice registers	24366	46632	8545	9134
Slice LUTs	22875	41998	7878	8762
DSP48Es	147	267	51	63
BRAM (18 kB)	44	76	15	19

Hardware scheme	CMOS technology/nm	Area//mm²	Gate count
SFT-based design	SMIC 40	2.2×1	327000
The work of [31]	SMIC 130	5×5	450000

Design and implementation of code acquisition using sparse Fourier transform

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