Chaos-enhanced moth-flame optimization algorithm for global optimization

doi:10.21629/JSEE.2019.06.10

Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics ›› 2019, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1144-1159.doi: 10.21629/JSEE.2019.06.10

收稿日期:2018-10-09 出版日期:2019-12-20 发布日期:2019-12-25

Chaos-enhanced moth-flame optimization algorithm for global optimization

Hongwei LI¹(), Jianyong LIU¹(), Liang CHEN^1,^2,*(), Jingbo BAI¹(), Yangyang SUN³(), Kai LU¹()

¹ College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA, Nanjing 210001, China
² Automobile Non-Commissioned Officer Academy, Army Military Transportation University, Bengbu 233011, China
³ College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA, Bengbu 233011, China

Received:2018-10-09 Online:2019-12-20 Published:2019-12-25
Contact: Liang CHEN E-mail:727802081@qq.com;jianyong1212@126.com;chenbb0708@163.com;baijingbo1982@163.com;bryant8011@163.com;xikaikaixi@outlook.com
About author:LI Hongwei was born in 1978. He received his M.S. degree from University of Science and Technology of the PLA in 2002. He is an associate professor in College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA. His current research interests are military operations research and intelligent unmanned technology. E-mail: 727802081@qq.com|LIU Jianyong was born in 1961. He received his Ph.D. degree from University of Science and Technology of the PLA in 2004. He is a professor in College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA. His current research interests are military operations research and intelligent unmanned technology. E-mail: jianyong1212@126.com|CHEN Liang was born in 1981. He received his B.S. degree and M.S. degree from University of Science and Technology of the PLA in 2004 and 2009, respectively. He is a Ph.D. candidate at College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA. He is a lecturer in Army Military Transportation University. His main research interests include operations research, swarm intelligence, multi-objective optimization and intelligent unmanned technology. E-mail: chenbb0708@163.com|BAI Jingbo was born in 1982. He received his B.S. degree and M.S. degree from University of Science and Technology of the PLA in 2005 and 2009, respectively. He is a lecturer and a Ph.D. candidate in College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA. His current research interest includes mission planning of military problems. E-mail: baijingbo1982@163.com|SUN Yangyang was born in 1983. He received his M.S. degree from University of Science and Technology of the PLA in 2009. He is a lecturer and a Ph.D. candidate in College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA. His current research interests include optical fiber sensing and system integration. E-mail: bryant8011@163.com|LU Kai was born in 1991. He received his B.S. degree and M.S. degree from Ordnance Engineering College in 2014 and 2017, respectively. He is a Ph.D. candidate in College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of the PLA. His research interest include bridge design theory and key technologies. E-mail: xikaikaixi@outlook.com
Supported by:
the Military Science Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China(15GJ003-141);This work was supported by the Military Science Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China (15GJ003-141)

摘要/Abstract

Abstract:

Moth-flame optimization (MFO) is a novel metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the characteristics of a moth's navigation method in nature called transverse orientation. Like other metaheuristic algorithms, it is easy to fall into local optimum and leads to slow convergence speed. The chaotic map is one of the best methods to improve exploration and exploitation of the metaheuristic algorithms. In the present study, we propose a chaos-enhanced MFO (CMFO) by incorporating chaos maps into the MFO algorithm to enhance its performance. The chaotic map is utilized to initialize the moths' population, handle the boundary overstepping, and tune the distance parameter. The CMFO is benchmarked on three groups of benchmark functions to find out the most efficient one. The performance of the CMFO is also verified by using two real engineering problems. The statistical results clearly demonstrate that the appropriate chaotic map (singer map) embedded in the appropriate component of MFO can significantly improve the performance of MFO.

Key words: moth-flame optimization (MFO), chaotic map, metaheuristic, global optimization

. [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2019, 30(6): 1144-1159.

Hongwei LI, Jianyong LIU, Liang CHEN, Jingbo BAI, Yangyang SUN, Kai LU. Chaos-enhanced moth-flame optimization algorithm for global optimization[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2019, 30(6): 1144-1159.

图/表 22

Formulation	Search range
$F_{13}({\rm{CF}}1): f_1, f_2, f_3, f_4, f_5, f_6, f_7, f_8, f_9, f_{10}=$ Sphere Function $[\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \ldots, \sigma_{10}]=[1, 1, \ldots, 1]$ $[\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{10}]=[5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100]$	$[-5, 5]$
$F_{14}({\rm{CF}}2): f_1, f_2, f_3, f_4, f_5, f_6, f_7, f_8, f_9, f_{10}=$ Griewank Function $[\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \ldots, \sigma_{10}]=[1, 1, \ldots, 1]$ $[\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{10}]=[5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100]$	$[-5, 5]$
$F_{15}({\rm{CF}}3): f_1, f_2, f_3, f_4, f_5, f_6, f_7, f_8, f_9, f_{10}=$ Griewank Function $[\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \ldots, \sigma_{10}]=[1, 1, \ldots, 1]$ $[\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{10}]=[1, 1, \ldots, 1]$	$[-5, 5]$
$F_{16}({\rm{CF}}4): f_1, f_2=$ Ackley Function, $f_3, f_4=$ Rastrigin Function, $f_5, f_6=$ Weierstrass Function, $f_7, f_8=$ Griewank Function, $f_9, f_{10}=$ Sphere Function $[\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \ldots, \sigma_{10}]=[1, 1, \ldots, 1]$ $ [\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{10}]=[5/32, 5/32, 1, 1, 5/0.5, 5/0.5, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100, 5/100]$	$[-5, 5]$
$F_{17}({\rm{CF}}5): f_1, f_2=$ Rastrigin Function, $f_3, f_4=$ Weierstrass Function, $f_5, f_6=$ Griewank Function, $f_7, f_8=$ Ackley Function, $f_9, f_{10}=$ Sphere Function $[\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \ldots, \sigma_{10}]=[1, 1, \ldots, 1]$ $[\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{10}]=[1/5, 1/5, 5/0.5, 5/0.5, 5/100, 5/100, 5/32, 5/32, 5/100, 5/100]$	$[-5, 5]$
$F_{18}({\rm{CF}}6): f_1, f_2=$ Rastrigin Function, $f_3, f_4=$ Weierstrass Function, $f_5, f_6=$ Griewank Function, $f_7, f_8=$ Ackley Function, $f_9, f_{10}=$ Sphere Function $[\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \ldots, \sigma_{10}]=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1]$ $[\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots, \lambda_{10}]=[0.1\times1/5, 0.2\times1/5, 0.3\times5/0.5, 0.4\times5/0.5, 0.5\times5/100, 0.6\times5/100, 0.7\times5/32, 0.8\times5/32, $ $0.9\times5/100, 1]$	$[-5, 5]$

Algorithm	$F_1$			$F_{2}$			$F_{3}$			$F_4$			$F_{5}$			$F_{6}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	1.58E+00	7.84E-01	$\underline {3.51E-01}$	2.37E+06	1.18E+06	$\underline {1.40E-01}$	1.44E+04	3.37E+03	$\underline {2.39E-01}$	$\textbf{1.67E+01}$	$\textbf{3.65E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{3.11E+03}$	$\textbf{9.55E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	3.97E+03	1.29E+03	$\underline{1.08E-01}$
CMFO1	1.43E+00	1.01E+00	$\underline {4.73E-01}$	1.93E+06	9.89E+05	$\underline {7.97E-01}$	1.57E+04	4.17E+03	4.99E-02	1.82E+01	4.60E+00	$\underline {2.98E-01}$	3.47E+03	7.80E+02	$\underline {1.72E-01}$	3.82E+03	7.71E+02	$\underline {8.10E-02}$
CMFO2	1.39E+00	5.36E-01	$\underline {8.18E-01}$	2.06E+06	1.23E+06	$\underline {6.55E-01}$	1.62E+04	4.52E+03	$\underline {5.31E-02}$	2.00E+01	3.49E+00	7.71E-03	3.30E+03	7.55E+02	$\underline{3.51E-01}$	3.48E+03	9.04E+02	$\underline {5.08E-01}$
CMFO3	5.98E+02	1.60E-02	6.80E-08	9.46E+08	6.41E+01	6.80E-08	5.92E+06	1.05E+04	6.80E-08	2.27E+02	2.67E+02	6.80E-08	1.31E+05	1.08E+00	6.80E-08	1.27E+05	9.50E-01	6.80E-08
CMFO4	1.42E+00	4.23E-01	$\underline {5.98E-01}$	2.36E+06	1.47E+06	$\underline {1.72E-01}$	1.58E+04	4.35E+03	$\underline {6.39E-02}$	9.16E+01	3.25E+01	6.92E-07	3.74E+03	9.26E+02	3.60E-02	3.65E+03	1.20E+03	$\underline {3.37E-01}$
CMFO5	$\textbf{1.31E+00}$	$\textbf{4.11E-01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	2.32E+06	1.33E+06	$\underline {2.18E-01}$	1.68E+04	3.26E+03	1.95E-03	1.90E+01	4.21E+00	$\underline {1.08E-01}$	3.52E+03	7.22E+02	$\underline {1.20E-01}$	3.43E+03	1.17E+03	$\underline {8.18E-01}$
CMFO6	1.56E+00	5.05E-01	$\underline {5.65E-02}$	2.17E+06	1.37E+06	$\underline {5.25E-01}$	1.49E+04	3.69E+03	$\underline {1.26E-01}$	1.87E+01	4.33E+00	$\underline {1.56E-01}$	3.67E+03	1.05E+03	$\underline {8.59E-02}$	3.66E+03	9.74E+02	$\underline {3.94E-01}$
CMFO7	1.50E+00	6.09E-01	$\underline {4.73E-01}$	2.72E+06	1.46E+06	4.11E-02	1.66E+04	3.65E+03	5.56E-03	1.88E+01	2.95E+00	3.15E-02	3.65E+03	1.10E+03	$\underline{1.14E-01}$	3.36E+03	1.07E+03	$\underline {8.60E-01}$
CMFO8	1.63E+00	4.34E-01	$\underline {2.56E-02}$	3.13E+06	1.34E+06	6.22E-04	1.71E+04	4.24E+03	4.70E-03	1.87E+01	2.88E+00	3.85E-02	3.88E+03	1.16E+03	4.68E-02	3.56E+03	8.50E+02	$\underline {3.10E-01}$
CMFO9	1.69E+00	7.26E-01	$\underline {1.26E-01}$	2.79E+06	1.82E+06	$\underline {1.08E-01}$	$\textbf{1.33E+04}$	$\textbf{2.98E+03}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.91E+01	4.78E+00	$\underline {6.79E-02}$	3.73E+03	1.12E+03	$\underline {6.79E-02}$	$\textbf{3.29E+03}$	$\textbf{9.79E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO10	1.38E+00	5.93E-01	$\underline {7.56E-01}$	$\textbf{1.73E+06}$	$\textbf{6.83E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.70E+04	4.15E+03	6.04E-03	1.84E+01	3.36E+00	$\underline {9.09E-02}$	3.16E+03	8.82E+02	$\underline {8.18E-01}$	3.53E+03	1.10E+03	$\underline {5.25E-01}$

Algorithm	$F_{7}$			$F_{8}$			$F_{9}$			$F_{10}$			$F_{11}$			$F_{12}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	1.18E+01	1.01E+00	$\underline {9.03E-01}$	2.92E+01	1.01E+01	$\underline {5.98E-01}$	7.65E+05	1.02E+06	$\underline {1.90E-01}$	4.33E+06	3.27E+06	$\underline {2.62E-01}$	$\textbf{1.18E+02}$	$\textbf{1.76E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	5.51E+03	4.96E+02	5.63E-04
CMFO1	1.18E+01	1.35E+00	$\underline {9.46E-01}$	3.28E+01	1.04E+01	$\underline {8.59E-02}$	$\textbf{3.98E+05}$	$\textbf{3.94E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{2.78E+06}$	$\textbf{1.42E+06}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.27E+02	2.01E+01	$\underline {1.72E-01}$	5.34E+03	5.50E+02	7.71E-03
CMFO2	1.19E+01	1.04E+00	$\underline {4.09E-01}$	3.32E+01	1.04E+01	4.99E-02	9.36E+05	2.18E+06	$\underline {1.64E-01}$	4.55E+06	3.96E+06	$\underline {1.14E-01}$	1.24E+02	1.73E+01	$\underline {3.23E-01}$	5.64E+03	6.12E+02	4.16E-04
CMFO3	2.04E+01	3.83E-02	6.80E-08	1.16E+03	1.77E-02	6.80E-08	2.72E+09	2.85E-01	6.80E-08	4.47E+09	1.35E+00	6.80E-08	5.58E+02	3.21E+00	6.80E-08	1.06E+04	1.37E+02	6.80E-08
CMFO4	1.18E+01	7.33E-01	$\underline {8.82E-01}$	3.30E+01	9.07E+00	4.11E-02	8.87E+05	1.12E+06	$\underline {3.10E-01}$	5.02E+06	5.89E+06	$\underline {3.65E-01}$	1.28E+02	1.75E+01	$\underline {1.14E-01}$	5.40E+03	4.82E+02	3.34E-03
CMFO5	$\textbf{1.17E+01}$	$\textbf{1.23E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	3.24E+01	5.27E+00	1.67E-02	5.01E+05	4.22E+05	$\underline {3.51E-01}$	5.86E+06	4.09E+06	3.97E-03	1.29E+02	1.53E+01	$\underline{7.20E-02}$	5.46E+03	5.03E+02	1.95E-03
CMFO6	1.20E+01	1.10E+00	$\underline {4.09E-01}$	3.04E+01	8.46E+00	$\underline {2.85E-01}$	9.13E+05	8.67E+05	4.68E-02	3.75E+06	4.20E+06	$\underline {7.35E-01}$	1.33E+02	2.17E+01	4.11E-02	5.82E+03	5.74E+02	4.17E-05
CMFO7	1.21E+01	1.21E+00	$\underline {2.18E-01}$	3.12E+01	7.58E+00	$\underline {1.02E-01}$	7.22E+05	8.10E+05	$\underline {3.65E-01}$	4.99E+06	3.77E+06	1.44E-02	1.25E+02	2.18E+01	$\underline{4.25E-01}$	5.15E+03	5.87E+02	$\underline {1.40E-01}$
CMFO8	1.17E+01	1.24E+00	$\underline {9.89E-01}$	3.25E+01	1.18E+01	$\underline {1.40E-01}$	2.86E+06	3.47E+06	1.10E-05	6.02E+06	4.52E+06	1.79E-04	1.30E+02	1.72E+01	4.99E-02	$\textbf{4.88E+03}$	$\textbf{5.30E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO9	1.18E+01	1.07E+00	$\underline {9.68E-01}$	3.17E+01	8.96E+00	$\underline {1.48E-01}$	1.16E+06	9.33E+05	6.56E-03	6.41E+06	8.58E+06	$\underline {7.64E-02}$	1.34E+02	1.51E+01	6.56E-03	5.20E+03	4.20E+02	2.56E-02
CMFO10	1.22E+01	1.12E+00	$\underline {4.25E-01}$	$\textbf{2.74E+01}$	$\textbf{7.79E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	6.53E+05	5.17E+05	$\underline {1.08E-01}$	3.78E+06	3.39E+06	$\underline {5.25E-01}$	1.41E+02	2.12E+01	6.87E-04	5.73E+03	4.36E+02	2.60E-05

Algorithm	$F_{13}$			$F_{14}$			$F_{15}$			$F_{16}$			$F_{17}$			$F_{18}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	8.36E+01	4.63E+01	$\underline {6.39E-02}$	9.27E+01	1.91E+01	$\underline {8.39E-01}$	9.77E+02	2.61E+02	$\underline {1.02E-01}$	7.50E+02	5.17E+01	1.79E-02	1.02E+02	2.40E+01	$\underline {7.15E-01}$	$\textbf{9.32E+02}$	$\textbf{7.19E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO1	7.02E+01	2.16E+01	$\underline {4.73E-01}$	1.03E+02	4.97E+01	$\underline {5.98E-01}$	9.47E+02	2.08E+02	$\underline {9.09E-02}$	7.23E+02	5.36E+01	$\underline {4.57E-01}$	1.01E+02	1.86E+01	$\underline {4.57E-01}$	9.36E+02	9.46E+00	$\underline {2.39E-01}$
CMFO2	8.05E+01	4.70E+01	$\underline {5.65E-02}$	1.21E+02	8.93E+01	$\underline {4.57E-01}$	9.85E+02	1.59E+02	1.14E-02	7.30E+02	5.27E+01	$\underline {2.08E-01}$	1.02E+02	1.63E+01	$\underline {3.94E-01}$	9.34E+02	1.19E+01	$\underline {7.15E-01}$
CMFO3	1.48E+03	1.38E-01	6.80E-08	1.47E+03	4.18E+01	6.80E-08	2.08E+03	2.54E+00	6.80E-08	1.43E+03	3.87E+00	6.80E-08	1.52E+03	6.78E+01	6.80E-08	1.88E+03	1.42E-02	6.80E-08
CMFO4	6.85E+01	2.55E+01	$\underline {7.35E-01}$	9.13E+01	1.48E+01	$\underline {8.39E-01}$	8.84E+02	1.57E+02	$\underline {3.94E-01}$	7.80E+02	5.81E+01	2.00E-04	1.13E+02	3.46E+01	$\underline{1.33E-01}$	9.34E+02	1.10E+01	$\underline {8.18E-01}$
CMFO5	6.63E+01	1.49E+01	$\underline {3.51E-01}$	9.60E+01	1.63E+01	$\underline {3.10E-01}$	8.36E+02	2.30E+02	$\underline {9.89E-01}$	$\textbf{7.08E+02}$	$\textbf{5.03E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.01E+02	2.87E+01	$\underline {6.36E-01}$	9.37E+02	9.67E+00	$\underline {8.59E-02}$
CMFO6	1.41E+02	4.36E+01	1.10E-05	1.74E+02	3.86E+01	1.20E-06	9.58E+02	2.02E+02	$\underline {7.64E-02}$	7.58E+02	4.35E+01	3.34E-03	1.95E+02	1.56E+01	6.80E-08	9.35E+02	1.09E+01	$\underline {5.61E-01}$
CMFO7	7.86E+01	6.57E+01	$\underline {3.79E-01}$	9.40E+01	1.66E+01	$\underline {5.79E-01}$	$\textbf{8.34E+02}$	$\textbf{1.85E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	7.44E+02	5.29E+01	1.33E-02	1.13E+02	2.49E+01	3.37E-02	9.35E+02	1.06E+01	$\underline {4.73E-01}$
CMFO8	6.98E+01	1.51E+01	$\underline {2.29E-01}$	1.01E+02	5.14E+01	$\underline {7.76E-01}$	9.79E+02	1.68E+02	1.23E-02	7.55E+02	5.07E+01	5.12E-03	1.04E+02	1.48E+01	$\underline{1.08E-01}$	9.34E+02	1.07E+01	$\underline {9.03E-01}$
CMFO9	$\textbf{6.27E+01}$	$\textbf{1.41E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{9.12E+01}$	$\textbf{1.53E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	8.98E+02	2.03E+02	$\underline{2.98E-01}$	7.66E+02	8.19E+01	1.44E-02	1.03E+02	1.60E+01	$\underline{2.62E-01}$	9.34E+02	1.01E+01	$\underline {5.61E-01}$
CMFO10	1.04E+02	7.83E+01	1.79E-02	1.05E+02	6.65E+01	$\underline {7.97E-01}$	9.14E+02	2.17E+02	$\underline {3.51E-01}$	7.70E+02	3.67E+01	4.60E-04	$\textbf{9.73E+01}$	$\textbf{1.72E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.36E+02	1.14E+01	$\underline {2.29E-01}$

Algorithm	$F_1$			$F_{2}$			$F_{3}$			$F_4$			$F_{5}$			$F_{6}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	1.58E+00	7.84E-01	$\underline {1.14E-01}$	2.37E+06	1.18E+06	$\underline {6.01E-02}$	$\textbf{1.44E+04}$	$\textbf{3.37E+03}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{1.67E+01}$	$\textbf{3.65E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{3.11E+03}$	$\textbf{9.55E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	3.97E+03	1.29E+03	2.34E-03
CMFO11	3.97E+00	2.42E+00	1.38E-06	6.48E+06	4.57E+06	1.81E-05	2.66E+04	7.57E+03	2.69E-06	2.39E+01	4.39E+00	1.41E-05	6.74E+03	1.49E+03	2.22E-07	6.41E+03	1.34E+03	6.80E-08
CMFO12	1.37E+00	6.84E-01	$\underline {5.79E-01}$	2.04E+06	1.17E+06	$\underline {5.61E-01}$	1.69E+04	3.55E+03	4.39E-02	1.97E+01	3.37E+00	1.06E-02	3.19E+03	1.02E+03	$\underline{7.15E-01}$	$\textbf{2.78E+03}$	$\textbf{5.88E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO13	8.55E+00	7.23E+00	1.80E-06	5.60E+06	2.84E+06	1.38E-06	2.58E+04	6.77E+03	1.20E-06	4.77E+01	1.45E+01	6.80E-08	7.33E+03	2.50E+03	4.54E-07	7.47E+03	3.97E+03	2.96E-07
CMFO14	1.74E+00	7.01E-01	1.23E-02	2.16E+06	1.10E+06	$\underline{3.23E-01}$	1.80E+04	4.66E+03	1.79E-02	2.10E+01	4.94E+00	4.70E-03	3.68E+03	1.10E+03	$\underline{1.02E-01}$	3.77E+03	1.16E+03	2.80E-03
CMFO15	2.46E+00	9.06E-01	1.10E-05	2.73E+06	1.21E+06	7.71E-03	2.00E+04	5.33E+03	3.05E-04	2.17E+01	4.41E+00	8.36E-04	4.49E+03	1.34E+03	4.60E-04	4.21E+03	1.47E+03	4.16E-04
CMFO16	1.53E+00	5.77E-01	$\underline {6.39E-02}$	2.03E+06	9.69E+05	$\underline {5.08E-01}$	1.67E+04	5.05E+03	$\underline {1.64E-01}$	2.10E+01	4.47E+00	3.64E-03	3.91E+03	1.11E+03	2.75E-02	3.48E+03	8.14E+02	6.04E-03
CMFO17	1.66E+00	6.04E-01	1.44E-02	3.54E+06	2.37E+06	5.12E-03	1.97E+04	4.98E+03	9.21E-04	2.23E+01	3.91E+00	1.04E-04	4.25E+03	1.00E+03	1.01E-03	4.49E+03	1.25E+03	1.60E-05
CMFO18	1.55E+00	5.08E-01	3.15E-02	2.88E+06	2.08E+06	$\underline{5.65E-02}$	1.83E+04	5.45E+03	1.67E-02	1.96E+01	3.90E+00	2.39E-02	3.78E+03	1.26E+03	$\underline{1.02E-01}$	4.57E+03	1.31E+03	2.06E-06
CMFO19	$\textbf{1.19E+00}$	$\textbf{4.42E-01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	2.42E+06	1.42E+06	$\underline {8.59E-02}$	1.69E+04	4.60E+03	$\underline {7.64E-02}$	1.90E+01	3.31E+00	4.99E-02	3.15E+03	9.35E+02	$\underline {9.46E-01}$	3.45E+03	1.02E+03	1.55E-02
CMFO20	1.37E+00	3.68E-01	$\underline {1.26E-01}$	$\textbf{1.73E+06}$	$\textbf{6.83E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.58E+04	5.17E+03	$\underline {4.73E-01}$	2.01E+01	3.49E+00	3.97E-03	3.79E+03	1.30E+03	$\underline {6.79E-02}$	2.95E+03	7.72E+02	$\underline {4.09E-01}$

Algorithm	$F_7$			$F_{8}$			$F_{9}$			$F_{10}$			$F_{11}$			$F_{12}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	1.18E+01	1.01E+00	$\underline {9.09E-02}$	2.92E+01	1.01E+01	$\underline {7.15E-01}$	7.65E+05	1.02E+06	$\underline {1.81E-01}$	4.33E+06	3.27E+06	$\underline {4.90E-01}$	$\textbf{1.18E+02}$	$\textbf{1.76E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	5.51E+03	4.96E+02	2.36E-06
CMFO11	1.43E+01	1.49E+00	3.94E-07	5.53E+01	1.52E+01	2.06E-06	4.83E+06	4.60E+06	1.20E-06	1.35E+07	5.84E+06	3.50E-06	1.47E+02	1.58E+01	1.81E-05	5.13E+03	6.85E+02	1.44E-04
CMFO12	1.15E+01	9.23E-01	$\underline {4.41E-01}$	$\textbf{2.73E+01}$	$\textbf{7.23E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{5.60E+05}$	$\textbf{9.72E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{3.30E+06}$	$\textbf{2.02E+06}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.21E+02	2.20E+01	$\underline {8.60E-01}$	5.82E+03	4.13E+02	6.92E-07
CMFO13	1.56E+01	2.25E+00	2.56E-07	6.23E+01	2.85E+01	1.20E-06	3.58E+06	2.27E+06	2.06E-06	1.76E+07	9.50E+06	2.56E-07	1.91E+02	2.98E+01	2.22E-07	6.41E+03	4.99E+02	2.22E-07
CMFO14	1.22E+01	9.62E-01	2.14E-03	3.57E+01	9.21E+00	6.56E-03	5.74E+05	7.89E+05	$\underline {9.89E-01}$	5.80E+06	4.25E+06	$\underline {6.79E-02}$	1.31E+02	2.04E+01	3.15E-02	5.22E+03	6.41E+02	1.79E-04
CMFO15	1.26E+01	1.21E+00	4.60E-04	3.78E+01	1.17E+01	5.56E-03	1.25E+06	1.13E+06	4.32E-03	8.34E+06	6.46E+06	1.95E-03	1.41E+02	2.82E+01	3.97E-03	5.09E+03	6.07E+02	6.22E-04
CMFO16	1.19E+01	9.71E-01	4.68E-02	3.34E+01	9.71E+00	3.15E-02	6.71E+05	5.97E+05	$\underline {9.09E-02}$	5.25E+06	3.83E+06	$\underline {1.02E-01}$	1.32E+02	2.06E+01	2.39E-02	5.34E+03	4.71E+02	1.81E-05
CMFO17	1.25E+01	1.25E+00	7.58E-04	3.67E+01	7.97E+00	6.87E-04	1.57E+06	1.68E+06	2.34E-03	8.04E+06	7.99E+06	1.67E-02	1.40E+02	2.29E+01	2.34E-03	5.04E+03	2.82E+02	2.30E-05
CMFO18	1.23E+01	1.26E+00	5.12E-03	3.17E+01	9.49E+00	$\underline{1.08E-01}$	1.60E+06	1.71E+06	1.12E-03	6.67E+06	4.37E+06	6.56E-03	1.41E+02	2.25E+01	2.80E-03	4.69E+03	5.00E+02	1.67E-02
CMFO19	1.19E+01	1.10E+00	$\underline {6.39E-02}$	2.90E+01	8.21E+00	$\underline {7.97E-01}$	5.94E+05	4.99E+05	$\underline {2.50E-01}$	5.61E+06	5.55E+06	$\underline {1.26E-01}$	1.28E+02	2.48E+01	$\underline {1.81E-01}$	$\textbf{4.31E+03}$	$\textbf{6.92E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO20	$\textbf{1.12E+01}$	$\textbf{9.69E-01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	3.26E+01	8.36E+00	2.94E-02	5.64E+05	5.82E+05	$\underline {6.17E-01}$	4.00E+06	2.49E+06	$\underline {4.90E-01}$	1.31E+02	1.39E+01	2.23E-02	5.52E+03	5.86E+02	5.17E-06

Algorithm	$F_{13}$			$F_{14}$			$F_{15}$			$F_{16}$			$F_{17}$			$F_{18}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	8.36E+01	4.63E+01	$\underline {2.85E-01}$	9.27E+01	1.91E+01	$\underline {1.48E-01}$	9.77E+02	2.61E+02	$\underline {2.29E-01}$	7.50E+02	5.17E+01	$\underline {6.36E-01}$	1.02E+02	2.40E+01	$\underline {5.98E-01}$	$\textbf{9.32E+02}$	$\textbf{7.19E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO11	1.69E+02	1.15E+02	6.92E-07	2.22E+02	1.28E+02	6.80E-08	1.52E+03	1.91E+02	1.43E-07	9.40E+02	1.25E+02	3.07E-06	2.29E+02	1.04E+02	6.80E-08	9.77E+02	2.24E+01	7.90E-08
CMFO12	1.16E+02	8.27E+01	2.14E-03	1.13E+02	1.83E+01	1.05E-06	1.00E+03	2.14E+02	$\underline {8.10E-02}$	7.59E+02	4.97E+01	$\underline {1.90E-01}$	1.23E+02	3.66E+01	1.78E-03	9.33E+02	8.83E+00	$\underline {9.89E-01}$
CMFO13	2.69E+02	1.18E+02	6.80E-08	2.60E+02	1.03E+02	6.80E-08	1.63E+03	9.72E+01	6.80E-08	8.22E+02	7.85E+01	1.29E-04	3.04E+02	1.42E+02	6.80E-08	9.80E+02	2.47E+01	1.92E-07
CMFO14	6.71E+01	1.15E+01	$\underline {8.39E-01}$	9.35E+01	1.53E+01	4.68E-02	9.44E+02	2.57E+02	$\underline {3.79E-01}$	7.35E+02	5.32E+01	$\underline {8.82E-01}$	1.03E+02	2.24E+01	$\underline {3.65E-01}$	9.34E+02	8.78E+00	$\underline {8.60E-01}$
CMFO15	6.92E+01	2.14E+01	$\underline {8.39E-01}$	9.31E+01	1.78E+01	$\underline {6.01E-02}$	9.92E+02	2.12E+02	$\underline {1.14E-01}$	$\textbf{7.34E+02}$	$\textbf{5.42E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.03E+02	2.14E+01	$\underline {3.10E-01}$	9.35E+02	1.13E+01	$\underline {6.17E-01}$
CMFO16	8.85E+01	4.91E+01	$\underline {9.62E-02}$	1.25E+02	9.29E+01	1.44E-02	9.66E+02	2.56E+02	$\underline {2.85E-01}$	7.63E+02	7.11E+01	$\underline {3.79E-01}$	1.21E+02	4.33E+01	4.39E-02	9.34E+02	1.01E+01	$\underline {6.55E-01}$
CMFO17	6.84E+01	1.64E+01	$\underline {7.56E-01}$	1.10E+02	4.94E+01	6.56E-03	9.81E+02	2.14E+02	$\underline {1.20E-01}$	7.40E+02	5.92E+01	$\underline {9.89E-01}$	1.05E+02	3.39E+01	$\underline {5.43E-01}$	9.34E+02	1.33E+01	$\underline {6.75E-01}$
CMFO18	6.96E+01	1.61E+01	$\underline {5.08E-01}$	$\textbf{8.34E+01}$	$\textbf{1.08E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	8.89E+02	2.08E+02	$\underline {9.68E-01}$	7.46E+02	5.69E+01	$\underline {3.23E-01}$	$\textbf{9.47E+01}$	$\textbf{1.23E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.39E+02	1.03E+01	2.94E-02
CMFO19	$\textbf{6.56E+01}$	$\textbf{1.71E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.10E+01	1.42E+01	$\underline {1.64E-01}$	9.47E+02	1.71E+02	$\underline {2.98E-01}$	7.40E+02	4.10E+01	$\underline {2.50E-01}$	9.63E+01	1.62E+01	$\underline {8.60E-01}$	9.45E+02	8.33E+00	2.04E-05
CMFO20	8.57E+01	6.92E+01	$\underline {6.95E-01}$	9.29E+01	1.70E+01	3.15E-02	$\textbf{8.80E+02}$	$\textbf{1.97E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	7.42E+02	6.10E+01	$\underline {7.15E-01}$	1.05E+02	2.59E+01	$\underline {2.39E-01}$	9.36E+02	9.50E+00	$\underline {1.20E-01}$

Algorithm	$F_1$			$F_{2}$			$F_{3}$			$F_4$			$F_{5}$			$F_{6}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	1.58E+00	7.84E-01	3.60E-02	2.37E+06	1.18E+06	1.79E-04	$\textbf{1.44E+04}$	$\textbf{3.37E+03}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.67E+01	3.65E+00	6.22E-04	3.11E+03	9.55E+02	$\underline {5.98E-01}$	3.97E+03	1.29E+03	7.58E-06
CMFO21	2.04E+01	5.20E+00	6.80E-08	4.75E+07	7.79E+06	6.80E-08	4.24E+04	6.87E+03	6.80E-08	1.51E+02	2.01E+02	6.80E-08	2.59E+04	3.07E+03	6.80E-08	2.50E+04	2.70E+03	6.80E-08
CMFO22	3.31E+00	1.24E+00	3.42E-07	8.32E+06	3.78E+06	6.80E-08	2.20E+04	5.15E+03	1.81E-05	3.37E+01	5.36E+00	6.80E-08	8.21E+03	1.99E+03	1.78E-03	8.34E+03	2.19E+03	6.80E-08
CMFO23	3.76E+01	7.99E+00	6.80E-08	9.13E+07	1.19E+07	6.80E-08	5.39E+04	6.96E+03	6.80E-08	1.69E+03	3.14E+03	6.80E-08	3.59E+04	3.40E+03	6.80E-08	3.63E+04	3.25E+03	6.80E-08
CMFO24	1.23E+00	5.55E-01	$\underline {4.41E-01}$	2.07E+06	7.70E+05	7.41E-05	1.65E+04	3.75E+03	$\underline {1.08E-01}$	2.06E+01	3.46E+00	6.01E-07	3.23E+03	7.25E+02	$\underline{3.65E-01}$	3.92E+03	1.01E+03	1.80E-06
CMFO25	2.49E+00	1.21E+00	7.58E-06	5.36E+06	2.30E+06	6.80E-08	1.55E+04	4.44E+03	$\underline {4.09E-01}$	2.93E+01	4.77E+00	7.90E-08	5.35E+03	1.44E+03	$\underline {3.10E-01}$	6.13E+03	1.77E+03	7.90E-08
CMFO26	2.42E+00	1.01E+00	2.60E-05	5.27E+06	1.98E+06	7.90E-08	1.81E+04	3.07E+03	1.95E-03	2.61E+01	3.44E+00	7.90E-08	6.34E+03	2.22E+03	4.39E-02	5.99E+03	1.96E+03	2.56E-07
CMFO27	3.20E+00	1.43E+00	7.95E-07	5.61E+06	2.45E+06	1.06E-07	2.03E+04	4.03E+03	6.61E-05	2.91E+01	5.11E+00	7.90E-08	6.26E+03	1.55E+03	$\underline{5.43E-01}$	7.83E+03	2.01E+03	6.80E-08
CMFO28	$\textbf{1.11E+00}$	$\textbf{5.20E-01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{1.11E+06}$	$\textbf{5.16E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.58E+04	5.77E+03	$\underline {7.56E-01}$	$\textbf{1.30E+01}$	$\textbf{2.51E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{2.25E+03}$	$\textbf{6.79E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{2.11E+03}$	$\textbf{5.79E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO29	1.82E+00	1.05E+00	4.70E-03	3.22E+06	1.89E+06	1.29E-04	2.00E+04	4.34E+03	8.29E-05	1.79E+01	4.67E+00	9.28E-05	3.55E+03	1.35E+03	$\underline {8.60E-01}$	3.36E+03	1.46E+03	2.34E-03
CMFO30	1.52E+00	3.86E-01	9.21E-04	2.20E+06	1.39E+06	2.34E-03	1.45E+04	3.28E+03	$\underline {9.25E-01}$	1.88E+01	3.56E+00	2.30E-05	3.04E+03	8.77E+02	$\underline {2.39E-01}$	3.72E+03	9.56E+02	1.80E-06

Algorithm	$F_7$			$F_{8}$			$F_{9}$			$F_{10}$			$F_{11}$			$F_{12}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	1.18E+01	1.01E+00	1.35E-03	2.92E+01	1.01E+01	9.05E-03	7.65E+05	1.02E+06	$\underline {2.62E-01}$	4.33E+06	3.27E+06	2.23E-02	1.18E+02	1.76E+01	$\underline {2.39E-01}$	5.51E+03	4.96E+02	$\underline {5.08E-01}$
CMFO21	1.87E+01	4.32E-01	6.80E-08	2.25E+02	2.30E+01	6.80E-08	5.73E+07	2.71E+07	6.80E-08	1.64E+08	5.31E+07	6.80E-08	2.90E+02	1.85E+01	6.80E-08	7.88E+03	5.03E+02	6.80E-08
CMFO22	1.50E+01	6.98E-01	6.80E-08	8.25E+01	1.80E+01	6.80E-08	5.03E+06	4.02E+06	2.56E-07	1.80E+07	8.20E+06	6.80E-08	1.82E+02	2.29E+01	1.06E-07	5.87E+03	5.56E+02	1.23E-02
CMFO23	1.94E+01	2.08E-01	6.80E-08	3.30E+02	2.77E+01	6.80E-08	1.42E+08	4.75E+07	6.80E-08	3.24E+08	7.36E+07	6.80E-08	3.23E+02	2.18E+01	6.80E-08	7.97E+03	4.19E+02	6.80E-08
CMFO24	1.20E+01	1.05E+00	3.05E-04	3.50E+01	9.77E+00	4.68E-05	$\textbf{4.36E+05}$	$\textbf{4.33E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	5.02E+06	5.54E+06	3.60E-02	1.22E+02	1.91E+01	$\underline{8.10E-02}$	5.58E+03	4.61E+02	$\underline {1.99E-01}$
CMFO25	1.36E+01	9.40E-01	7.90E-08	5.13E+01	1.65E+01	1.23E-07	1.44E+06	1.07E+06	1.12E-03	1.19E+07	6.68E+06	1.80E-06	1.47E+02	2.01E+01	1.10E-05	5.53E+03	5.63E+02	$\underline {4.09E-01}$
CMFO26	1.40E+01	1.12E+00	7.90E-08	5.33E+01	1.35E+01	4.54E-07	1.20E+06	8.19E+05	2.14E-03	1.36E+07	7.04E+06	1.06E-07	1.64E+02	1.71E+01	3.94E-07	5.91E+03	5.54E+02	2.80E-03
CMFO27	1.46E+01	7.20E-01	6.80E-08	6.02E+01	1.74E+01	6.80E-08	6.08E+06	6.06E+06	9.13E-07	1.37E+07	7.79E+06	1.23E-07	1.61E+02	2.66E+01	2.69E-06	5.58E+03	8.93E+02	$\underline {4.09E-01}$
CMFO28	$\textbf{1.04E+01}$	$\textbf{1.21E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{2.14E+01}$	$\textbf{5.73E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	4.82E+05	6.02E+05	$\underline {6.75E-01}$	$\textbf{2.29E+06}$	$\textbf{1.76E+06}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{1.11E+02}$	$\textbf{2.14E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{5.39E+03}$	$\textbf{4.57E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO29	1.19E+01	1.41E+00	1.95E-03	3.05E+01	1.02E+01	1.95E-03	8.39E+05	8.56E+05	$\underline {1.56E-01}$	5.62E+06	4.18E+06	3.97E-03	1.55E+02	2.53E+01	7.58E-06	6.57E+03	5.69E+02	2.36E-06
CMFO30	1.15E+01	8.73E-01	1.78E-03	2.98E+01	6.77E+00	3.75E-04	8.89E+05	1.67E+06	$\underline {1.21E-01}$	4.49E+06	3.31E+06	1.23E-02	1.33E+02	2.11E+01	3.06E-03	5.71E+03	6.05E+02	$\underline {1.08E-01}$

Algorithm	$F_{13}$			$F_{14}$			$F_{15}$			$F_{16}$			$F_{17}$			$F_{18}$
Algorithm	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
MFO	8.36E+01	4.63E+01	$\underline {2.85E-01}$	9.27E+01	1.91E+01	$\underline {9.62E-02}$	9.77E+02	2.61E+02	3.34E-03	7.50E+02	5.17E+01	$\underline {9.46E-01}$	1.02E+02	2.40E+01	2.22E-04	9.32E+02	7.19E+00	3.34E-03
CMFO21	3.34E+02	5.06E+01	7.90E-08	3.57E+02	5.20E+01	9.17E-08	1.74E+03	2.17E+01	6.80E-08	9.73E+02	6.97E+01	6.80E-08	3.85E+02	5.86E+01	6.80E-08	1.11E+03	3.37E+01	6.80E-08
CMFO22	1.33E+02	2.84E+01	4.54E-06	1.54E+02	3.72E+01	1.80E-06	1.40E+03	1.93E+02	1.92E-07	7.69E+02	5.32E+01	2.23E-02	1.64E+02	3.09E+01	7.90E-08	9.69E+02	1.82E+01	1.66E-07
CMFO23	4.39E+02	7.87E+01	6.80E-08	4.81E+02	6.69E+01	6.80E-08	1.78E+03	2.00E+01	6.80E-08	1.15E+03	6.60E+01	6.80E-08	5.07E+02	6.58E+01	6.80E-08	1.28E+03	3.51E+01	6.80E-08
CMFO24	9.81E+01	9.60E+01	$\underline {9.46E-01}$	1.09E+02	4.52E+01	2.34E-03	1.04E+03	2.03E+02	2.47E-04	$\textbf{7.36E+02}$	$\textbf{5.68E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.15E+02	4.28E+01	4.17E-05	9.36E+02	1.49E+01	3.34E-03
CMFO25	9.13E+01	2.03E+01	2.56E-03	1.17E+02	2.57E+01	6.61E-05	1.16E+03	2.13E+02	7.58E-06	7.52E+02	5.01E+01	$\underline {9.09E-02}$	1.26E+02	1.74E+01	2.56E-07	9.58E+02	1.74E+01	2.22E-07
CMFO26	1.27E+02	9.10E+01	3.06E-03	1.23E+02	2.04E+01	4.54E-06	1.27E+03	1.97E+02	6.92E-07	7.57E+02	6.14E+01	$\underline {8.59E-02}$	1.39E+02	3.23E+01	1.23E-07	9.61E+02	1.46E+01	7.90E-08
CMFO27	1.16E+02	6.47E+01	1.44E-04	1.35E+02	2.55E+01	1.58E-06	1.34E+03	1.66E+02	1.23E-07	7.70E+02	5.39E+01	3.37E-02	1.47E+02	3.67E+01	1.66E-07	9.61E+02	1.87E+01	1.23E-07
CMFO28	8.53E+01	8.74E+01	$\underline {5.25E-01}$	9.22E+01	4.96E+01	$\underline {8.39E-01}$	$\textbf{7.26E+02}$	$\textbf{2.28E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	7.46E+02	4.38E+01	$\underline {7.35E-01}$	$\textbf{8.29E+01}$	$\textbf{1.17E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{9.25E+02}$	$\textbf{5.67E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
CMFO29	1.30E+02	7.44E+01	2.30E-05	1.46E+02	3.10E+01	2.36E-06	1.20E+03	2.88E+02	2.30E-05	7.95E+02	5.39E+01	8.36E-04	1.38E+02	3.46E+01	4.54E-06	9.51E+02	1.52E+01	2.56E-07
CMFO30	$\textbf{7.56E+01}$	$\textbf{4.27E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	$\textbf{9.08E+01}$	$\textbf{5.02E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.05E+02	2.43E+02	3.37E-02	7.49E+02	5.34E+01	$\underline {9.25E-01}$	9.76E+01	1.56E+01	1.95E-03	9.31E+02	9.25E+00	$\underline {5.31E-02}$

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Number	Name	Chaotic map
1	Chebyshev	$x_{k+1}=\cos(k\arccos x_k)$
2	Circle map	$x_{k+1}=x_k+b-(a/2{\rm{\pi }})\sin(2{\rm{\pi }} x_k)\cdot \\ \bmod(1), ~~~a=0.5~{\rm{and}}~b=0.2$
3	Gaussian map	$x_{k+1}=\left\{\!\!\begin{array}{l} 0, ~~~x_k=0 \\ 1/\bmod(x_k, 1), ~~~{\rm otherwise}\end{array}\!\!\right.$
4	Iterative map	$x_{k+1}=\sin(a{\rm{\pi }}/x_k), ~~~a=0.7$
5	Logistic map	$x_{k+1}=ax_k(1-x_k), ~~~a=4$
6	Piecewise map	$x_{k+1}=$ $\left\{\!\!\begin{array}{l} \dfrac{x_k}{P}, ~~~0\le x_k < P\\[3mm] \dfrac{x_k-P}{0.5-P}, ~~~P\le x_k < 0.5\\[3mm] \dfrac{1{-}P{-}x_k}{0.5-P}, ~~~0.5\le x_k\le1-P\\[3mm] %\qquad P=0.4\\ \dfrac{1-x_k}{P}, ~~~1-P\le x_k\le1\\ \end{array}\!\!\right.$
7	Sine map	$x_{k+1}=\dfrac{a}{4}\sin({\rm{\pi }} x_k), ~~~a=4$
8	Singer map	$x_{k+1}=\mu(7.86x_k{-}23.31x_k^2{+}28.75x^3_k- \\ 13.302~875x^4_k), ~~~u=1.07$
9	Sinusoidal map	$x_{k+1}=ax^2_k\sin({\rm{\pi }} x_k), ~~~a=2.3$
10	Tent map	$x_{k+1}=\left\{\!\!\begin{array}{l} \dfrac{x_k}{0.7}, ~~~x_k < 0.7 \\ \dfrac{10}{3}(1-x_k), ~~~x_k\ge0.7\end{array}\!\!\right.$

Formulation	Search range
$F_1(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^n_{i=1}ix^4_i+{\rm random}[0, 1]$	$x_i\in[-1.28, 1.28]$
$F_2(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^{n-1}_{i=1}(100(x_{i+1}{-}x^2_i)^2{+}(1{-}x_i)^2)$	$x_i\in[-30, 30]$
$F_3(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^n_{i=1}\left(\sum\limits^i_{j-1}x_j\right)^2$	$x_i\in[-100, 100]$
$F_4(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^n_{i=1}\|x_i\|+\prod \limits^n_{i=1}\|x_i\|$	$x_i\in[-10, 10]$
$F_5(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^n_{i=1}x^2_i$	$x_i\in[-100, 100]$
$F_6(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^n_{i=1}(\lfloor x_i+0.5\rfloor)^2$	$x_i\in[-100, 100]$

Formulation	Search range
$F_7(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=-20\exp\left(-0.2\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits^n_{i=1}x^2_i}\right)- \exp\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits^n_{i=1}\cos2{\rm{\pi }} x^2_i\right)+20+e$	$x_i\in[-32, 32]$
$F_8(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\frac{1}{4~000}\sum\limits^n_{i=1}x^2_i-\prod \limits^n_{i=1}\frac{\cos x_i}{\sqrt{i}}+1$	$x_i\in[-600, 600]$
$F_9(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\frac{{\rm{\pi }}}{n}\Bigg\{10\sin^2({\rm{\pi }} y_1)+\sum\limits^n_{i=1}(y_i-1)^2[1+10\sin^2({\rm{\pi }} y_{i+1})]+ (y_n-1)^2\Bigg\}+$
$\sum\limits^n_{i=1}u(x_i, 10, 100, 4), y_i=1+(x_i+1)/4$	$x_i\in[-50, 50]$
$F_{10}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=0.1\Bigg\{\sin^3(3{\rm{\pi }} x_1)+\sum\limits^{n-1}_{i=1}(x_i-1)^2[1+\sin^2(3{\rm{\pi }} x_{i+1})]+ (x_n-1)^2[1+\sin^2(2{\rm{\pi }} x_n)]\Bigg\}+$
$\sum\limits^n_{i=1}u(x_i, 5, 100, 4)$	$x_i\in[-50, 50]$
$F_{11}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=\sum\limits^n_{i=1}(x^2_i-10\cos(2{\rm{\pi }} x_i)+10)$	$x_i\in[-5.12, 5.12]$
$F_{12}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{X}})=418.982~9n-\sum\limits^n_{i=1}(x_i\sin\sqrt{\|x_i\|})$	$x_i\in[-500, 500]$

Function	MFO			IMFO
Function	Mean	SD	$p$ value	Mean	SD	$p$ value
$F_{1}$	$\textbf{1.44E+00}$	$\textbf{6.71E-01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.46E+00	6.03E+00	4.08E-33
$F_{2}$	$\textbf{2.19E+06}$	$\textbf{1.01E+06}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.60E+07	1.22E+07	4.08E-33
$F_{3}$	$\textbf{1.56E+04}$	$\textbf{3.67E+03}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	3.85E+04	9.44E+03	6.88E-34
$F_{4}$	$\textbf{1.91E+01}$	$\textbf{3.43E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	6.48E+01	1.70E+01	5.93E-34
$F_{5}$	$\textbf{3.41E+03}$	$\textbf{1.07E+03}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.10E+04	4.92E+03	6.11E-34
$F_{6}$	$\textbf{3.35E+03}$	$\textbf{9.79E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.06E+04	4.32E+03	5.35E-32
$F_{7}$	$\textbf{1.15E+01}$	$\textbf{1.22E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.85E+01	1.66E+00	1.29E-33
$F_{8}$	$\textbf{3.19E+01}$	$\textbf{8.61E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.77E+01	3.37E+01	3.78E-34
$F_{9}$	$\textbf{7.71E+05}$	$\textbf{9.13E+05}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.88E+07	3.19E+07	9.00E-34
$F_{10}$	$\textbf{4.08E+06}$	$\textbf{3.52E+06}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	4.80E+07	3.83E+07	2.99E-32
$F_{11}$	$\textbf{1.27E+02}$	$\textbf{2.15E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	2.23E+02	2.72E+01	7.99E-34
$F_{12}$	5.44E+03	5.68E+02	8.34E-08	$\textbf{4.95E+03}$	$\textbf{6.48E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$
$F_{13}$	$\textbf{7.43E+01}$	$\textbf{4.99E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.77E+01	5.56E+01	2.38E-08
$F_{14}$	$\textbf{1.01E+02}$	$\textbf{5.04E+01}$	N/A	1.18E+02	3.89E+01	8.69E-08
$F_{15}$	$\textbf{9.04E+02}$	$\textbf{1.97E+02}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.33E+03	2.58E+02	4.62E-23
$F_{16}$	$\textbf{7.39E+02}$	$\textbf{5.51E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	7.95E+02	7.32E+01	1.11E-09
$F_{17}$	$\textbf{1.00E+02}$	$\textbf{2.36E+01}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	1.29E+02	3.86E+01	9.53E-10
$F_{18}$	$\textbf{9.31E+02}$	$\textbf{9.37E+00}$	$\textbf{N/A}$	9.78E+02	2.78E+01	4.33E-33

Group	Number	MFO	CMFO1	CMFO2	CMFO3	CMFO4	CMFO5	CMFO6	CMFO7	CMFO8	CMFO9	CMFO10
Group1	$num_1$	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	1
Group1	$num_2$	4	5	5	0	4	4	6	3	2	4	4
Group2	$num_1$	1	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1
Group2	$num_2$	4	3	5	0	4	2	3	5	2	3	3
Group3	$num_1$	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	2	1
Group3	$num_2$	4	6	5	0	5	5	2	3	4	3	3

Chaos-enhanced moth-flame optimization algorithm for global optimization

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Design variable	GA [46]	Coello& Montes [47]	CPSO [44]	CDE [48]	MoCoDE [45]	MFO28
$d(x_1)$	0.051 480	0.051 989	0.051 728	0.051 609	0.051 718	0.051 705
$D(x_2)$	0.351 661	0.363 965	0.357 644	0.354 714	0.357 418	0.357 103
$N(x_3)$	11.632 201	10.890 522	11.244 543	11.410 831	11.248 015	11.266 387
$f(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}})$	0.012 705	0.012 681	0.0126 747	0.0126 702	0.012 665	0.012 665

Design variable	GA [46]	Coello & Montes [47]	CPSO [44]	CDE [48]	MoCoDE [45]	MFO28
$h(x_1)$	0.208 800	0.205 986	0.202 369	0.203 137	0.205 730	0.205 730
$l(x_2)$	3.420 500	3.471 328	3.544 214	3.542 998	3.470 489	3.470 489
$t(x_3)$	8.997 500	9.020 224	9.048 210	9.033 498	9.036 624	0.205 730
$b(x_4)$	0.210 000	0.206 480	0.205 723	0.206 179	0.205 730	0.205 7302
$f(\mathit{\boldsymbol{x}})$	1.748 309	1.728 226	1.728 024	1.733 462	1.724 852	1.724 852