Self-position determination on V2I communications based on alternating least square of cross-covariance matrix

doi:10.23919/JSEE.2025.000100

Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics ›› 2025, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (6): 1443-1452.doi: 10.23919/JSEE.2025.000100

• ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles

Self-position determination on V2I communications based on alternating least square of cross-covariance matrix

Kang JIANG¹^,²^,*()(), Hao HU¹^,²^,³(), Jiaqi LI¹^,²(), Yushan XIE¹^,²(), Xinlei SHI¹^,²(), Xiaofei ZHANG¹^,²()

¹ College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
² Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 211106, China
³ Jiangsu Automation Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China

Received:2023-04-27 Online:2025-12-18 Published:2026-01-07
Contact: Kang JIANG E-mail:jiangkang@nuaa.edu.cn;huhao2190@sina.com;lijiaqi2000@outlook.com;xieyushan@nuaa.edu.cn;lincoln@nuaa.edu.cn;zhangxiaofei@nuaa.edu.cn
About author:
JIANG Kang was born in 2000. He received his B.S. degree in the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2022. He is currently working toward his M.S. degree in information and communication engineering with the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. His research interests include direction of arrival, wireless localization, and direct position determination.E-mail: jiangkang@nuaa.edu.cn

HU Hao was born in 1987. He received his M.S. degree in system theory with the College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China, in 2013. As a senior engineer, he is currently working at Jiangsu Automation Research Institute, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China. His research interests include complex system modeling, numerical simulation, and intelligent control.E-mail: 18061368794@163.com

LI Jiaqi was born in 2000. He received his B.S. degree in civil aviation electrical and electronic engineering from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2022. He is currently working toward his M.S. degree in information and communication engineering with the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. His research interests include direction of arrival, wireless localization, and direct position determination.E-mail: lijiaqi2000@outlook.com

XIE Yushan was born in 2000. She received her B.S. degree from the Ocean College of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China, in 2022. She is currently working toward her Ph.D. degree in information and communication engineering with the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. Her research interests include direction of arrival, information theory, and array signal processing.E-mail: xieyushan@nuaa.edu.cn

SHI Xinlei was born in 1999. He received his B.S. degree in electronic information science and technology from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China, in 2021. He is currently working toward his Ph.D. degree in electronic and communication engineering with the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. His research interests include signal and information processing and radiator localization.E-mail: lincoln@nuaa.edu.cn

ZHANG Xiaofei was born in 1977. He received his M.S degree in electrical engineering from Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, in 2001, and Ph.D. degree in communication and information systems from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 2005. He is currently a professor with the College of electronic and information engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. His research interests include array signal processing, communication signal processing, and multidimension systems.E-mail: zhangxiaofei@nuaa.edu.cn
Supported by:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62371225).

Abstract

Abstract:

The Global Position System (GPS) is a reliable method for positioning in most scenarios, but it falls short in harsh environments like urban vehicular scenarios, where numerous trees or flyovers obstruct the signals. This presents an unprecedented challenge for autonomous vehicles or applications requiring high accuracy. Fortunately, vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) offer an effective solution, where vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are used to enhance location awareness. In V2I communications, the roadside units (RSU) transmit beacon packets, and the vehicle receives numerous packets from different RSUs to establish communication. To further improve localization accuracy, a cross-covariance matrices-alternating least square (CCM-ALS) algorithm is proposed. The algorithm relies on ALS of the CCM for obtaining the position of vehicles in V2I communications. The algorithm is highly precise compared to traditional angle of arrival (AOA) positioning and not inferior to direct position determination (DPD) approaches while being low in complexity, which is crucial for moving vehicles. The numerical results verify the superiority of the proposed method.

Key words: array signal processing, self-position determination, vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), alternating least square (ALS)

Kang JIANG, Hao HU, Jiaqi LI, Yushan XIE, Xinlei SHI, Xiaofei ZHANG. Self-position determination on V2I communications based on alternating least square of cross-covariance matrix[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(6): 1443-1452.

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Algorithm	Computational complexity
CCM-ALS	$ O\left[\dfrac{1}{2}Lg(6M^2+6M+3)+\dfrac{1}{2}M^2LK\right] $
Two-step method [28]	$ O[L(M^2K+M^3+3M-1)] $
DPD-ESPRIT [41]	$ O[L(M^2K+M^3+(3M-1)+4\alpha_x\alpha_y)] $
DPD-MUSIC [34]	$ O[L(M^2K+M^3+\alpha_x\alpha_y(2M^2-M))] $
DPD-ML [29]	$ O[\alpha_x\alpha_yL(MK+M+3K)] $

Algorithm	Total time	Average time
CCM-ALS	1.2280	0.0025
Two-step [28]	0.7050	0.0014
DPD-ESPRIT [41]	29.8600	0.0597
DPD-MUSIC [34]	51.6850	0.1034
DPD-ML [29]	225.6150	0.4512

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Self-position determination on V2I communications based on alternating least square of cross-covariance matrix

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