Synthesis of thinned linear antenna array using genetic algorithm to lower peak sidelobe level and maintain half-power beamwidth

doi:10.23919/JSEE.2024.000134

Abstract

Abstract:

Thinning of antenna arrays has been a popular topic for the last several decades. With increasing computational power, this optimization task acquired a new hue. This paper suggests a genetic algorithm as an instrument for antenna array thinning. The algorithm with a deliberately chosen fitness function allows synthesizing thinned linear antenna arrays with low peak sidelobe level (SLL) while maintaining the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of a full linear antenna array. Based on results from existing papers in the field and known approaches to antenna array thinning, a classification of thinning types is introduced. The optimal thinning type for a linear thinned antenna array is determined on the basis of a maximum attainable SLL. The effect of thinning coefficient on main directional pattern characteristics, such as peak SLL and HPBW, is discussed for a number of amplitude distributions.

Key words: thinned antenna array, genetic algorithm, side lobe

Maksim STEPANOV, Alexey KARASEV. Synthesis of thinned linear antenna array using genetic algorithm to lower peak sidelobe level and maintain half-power beamwidth[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(5): 1113-1121.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig 1

Fig 2

Fig 3

Fig 4

Fig 5

Fig 6

Fig 7

Fig 8

Fig 9

Table 1

Fig 10

Fig 11

References 30

1	BUONANNO G, COSTANZO S, SOLIMENE R. Broadband statistically designed thinned-binned array antennas. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2023, 71(3): 2454–2466.
2	KEDAR A. Deterministic synthesis approach for linear sparse array antennas. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(9): 6667–6674.
3	BUONANNO G, COSTANZO S, SOLIMENE R. Statistically thinned array antennas for simultaneous multibeam application. IEEE Access, 2022, 10: 60230–60240.
4	ENGELBRECHT A. Computational intelligence: an introduction. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2007.
5	OGURTSOV S, CARATELLI D, SONG Z. A review of synthesis techniques for phased antenna arrays in wireless communications and remote sensing. Antenna Propagations, 2021, 1: 5514972.
6	HAUPT R. Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 1994, 42(7): 993–999.
7	JIJENTH M, SUMAN K K, GANGWAR V S, et al. A novel technique based on modified genetic algorithm for the synthesis of thinned planar antenna array with low peak side lobe level over desired scan volume. Proc. of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF Conference, 2017: 251–254.
8	HA B V, MUSSETTA M, PIRINOLI P, et al. Modified compact genetic algorithm for thinned array synthesis. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 1105–1108.
9	GANGWAR V, MODI J K, NARDE J A, et al. A distinct approach exploiting collapse distribution colligated with genetic algorithm for the synthesis of thinned planar antenna arrays. Proc. of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2020. DOI: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135799.
10	DONG L, QUANYUAN F, WEI-BO W. Discrete optimization problems of linear array synthesis by using real number particle swarm optimization. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 2013, 133: 407–424.
11	GANGWAR V S, SING A K H, THOMAS E, et al. Side lobe level suppression in a thinned linear antenna array using particle swarm optimization. Proc. of the International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology, 2015: 787–790.
12	SONG-HAN Y, JEAN-FU K. Two-dimensional pattern synthesis of stacked concentric circular antenna arrays using bee colony algorithms. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2013, 55: 151–168.
13	BASU B, MAHANTI G. Artificial bees colony optimization for synthesis of thinned mutually coupled linear array using inverse fast Fourier transform. Proc. of the International Conference on Devices and Communications, 2011. DOI: 10.1109/ICDECOM.2011.5738513.
14	QUEVEDO-TERUEL O, RAJO-IGLESIAS E. Ant colony optimization in thinned array synthesis with minimum sidelobe level. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2006, 5: 349–352.
15	PRADIPTA G, SWAGATAM D. Synthesis of thinned planar concentric circular antenna arrays-a differential evolutionary approach. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2011, 29: 63–82.
16	KEIZER W. Amplitude-only low sidelobe synthesis for large thinned circular array antennas. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2012, 60(2): 1157–1161.
17	ZHOU L J, BAN Y L, LIAN J W, et al. An optimum method of linear thinned array based on iterative FFT algorithm. Proc. of the IEEE 10th Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/APCAP56600.2022.10068888.
18	ROCCA P, ANSELMI N, OLIVERI G, et al. Antenna array thinning through quantum Fourier transform. IEEE Access, 2021, 9: 124313–124323.
19	AFZAL H, ABEDI R, KANANIZADEH R, et al. An mm-wave scalable PLL-coupled array for phased-array applications in 65-nm CMOS. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2021, 69(2): 1439–1452.
20	LI Y J, YU S X, KOU N , et al Cylindrical conformal array antenna for near field focusing. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2022, 32 (6): 23135- 23141.
21	IUZVIK D, STEPANOV M. Focusing of the electromagnetic field in several given areas of space. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, 2022, 113: 11–22.
22	MCCAFFREY J Evolutionary optimization algorithms. MSDN Magazine, 2012, 6, 82- 87.
23	HE Z Q, CHEN G. Synthesis of planar circular arrays with quantized amplitude weights. Sensors, 2021, 21(20): 6939.
24	SALAS-SANCHEZ A. A. et al. An improved pattern synthesis iterative method in planar arrays for obtaining efficient footprints with arbitrary boundaries. Sensors, 2021, 21(7): 2358.
25	HAUPT R. Optimum population size and mutation rate for a simple real genetic algorithm that optimizes array factors. Proc. of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2000: 1034–1037.
26	KRISCHUK V, SHILO G, ARTYUSHENKO B. Tolerable linear antenna array design with genetic algorithm. Proc. of the 9th International Conference - The Experience of Designing and Applications of CAD Systems in Microelectronics, 2007: 167−169.
27	BOERINGER D, WERNER D, MACHUGA D. A simultaneous parameter adaptation scheme for genetic algorithms with application to phased array synthesis. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2005, 53(1): 356–371.
28	KARASEV A, STEPANOV M. Genetic algorithm for antenna array thinning with minimization of side lobe level. Proc. of the XV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronic Instrument Engineering, 2021: 268–272.
29	KARASEV A, STEPANOV M. Effect of linear antenna array thinning on its directional pattern parameters. Proc. of the IEEE 23rd International Conference of Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials , 2022: 97–100.
30	MAILOUX R. Phased array antenna handbook. 2nd ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House Antennas and Propagation Library, 2005.

AT	k=0	k_opt
Uniform	−13.28	−20.13
Taylor (−30 dB)	−30.32	−31.30

[1]	Hang CHEN, Yajie DOU, Ziyi CHEN, Qingyang JIA, Chen ZHU, Haoxuan CHEN. A hybrid genetic algorithm to the program optimization model based on a heterogeneous network [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(4): 994-1005.
[2]	Ailun XIE, Xiaobin LIU, Qihua WU, Feng ZHAO, Zhenyu QIAO, Shunping XIAO. Radar pulse waveform design method based on complementary amplitude coding [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(3): 671-680.
[3]	Ning WANG, Xiaolong LIANG, Zhe LI, Yueqi HOU, Aiwu YANG. Joint planning method for cross-domain unmanned swarm target assignment and mission trajectory [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(3): 736-753.
[4]	Tengjiao MAO, Xianjin BU, Chunxiao CAI, Yue LU, Jing DU. An improved genetic algorithm for causal discovery [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(3): 768-777.
[5]	Zhishuo LIU, Yi’nan CHENG, Yanhua LI, Danyang SHEN. Modeling optimal air traffic rights resource allocation [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(3): 778-790.
[6]	Yaqian YOU, Jianbin SUN, Yuejin TAN, Jiang JIANG. Multi-objective optimization framework in the modeling of belief rule-based systems with interpretability-accuracy trade-off [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(2): 423-435.
[7]	Haipeng JIANG, Guoqing WU, Mengdan SUN, Feng LI, Yunfei SUN, Wei FANG. PHUI-GA: GPU-based efficiency evolutionary algorithm for mining high utility itemsets [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2024, 35(4): 965-975.
[8]	Hui CAO, Fuhai DUAN, Yu’nan DUAN. Reliability-based selective maintenance for redundant systems with dependent performance characteristics of components [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 34(3): 804-814.
[9]	Jianwei SUN, Chao WANG, Qingzhan SHI, Wenbo REN, Zekun YAO, Naichang YUAN. Intelligent optimization methods of phase-modulation waveform [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 33(4): 916-923.
[10]	Yu LI, Honglan WU, Youchao SUN. Improved adaptive genetic algorithm based RFID positioning [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 33(2): 305-311.
[11]	Yongbin YU, Chenyu YANG, Quanxin DENG, Tashi NYIMA, Shouyi LIANG, Chen ZHOU. Memristive network-based genetic algorithm and its application to image edge detection [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2021, 32(5): 1062-1070.
[12]	Peng YANG, Haoyu XIE, Jing QIU. System level test selection based on combinatorial dependency matrix [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2021, 32(4): 984-994.
[13]	Cuiyu WANG, Yang LI, Xinyu LI. Solving flexible job shop scheduling problem by a multi-swarm collaborative genetic algorithm [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2021, 32(2): 261-271.
[14]	Rongwei CUI, Wei HAN, Xichao SU, Hongyu LIANG, Zhengyang LI. A dual population multi-operator genetic algorithm for flight deck operations scheduling problem [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2021, 32(2): 331-346.
[15]	Yongjin LIU, Xihong CHEN, Yu ZHAO. Joint synchronization estimation based on genetic algorithm for OFDM/OQAM systems [J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2020, 31(4): 657-665.