An evaluation method for contribution rate of UAVs to amphibious joint landing system of systems

doi:10.23919/JSEE.2025.000179

Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics ›› 2025, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (6): 1613-1628.doi: 10.23919/JSEE.2025.000179

• SYSTEMS ENGINEERING • Previous Articles

An evaluation method for contribution rate of UAVs to amphibious joint landing system of systems

Xichao SU¹(), Fang GUO²(), Jingyu CONG²(), Yang ZHANG³(), Zhongzheng ZHAO⁴(), Wei HAN²(), Xinwei WANG⁵^,*()

¹ Aeronautical Operations College, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264001, China
² Aeronautical Foundation College, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264001, China
³ Unit 92728 of the PLA, Shanghai 200436, China
⁴ CSSC Haifeng Aviation Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100071, China
⁵ Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Received:2024-11-19 Online:2025-12-18 Published:2026-01-07
Contact: Xinwei WANG E-mail:suxich@126.com;guofang575856@163.com;1837733589@qq.com;2906517@163.com;158732549@qq.com;Hanwei70cnau@163.com;wangxinwei@dlut.edu.cn
About author:
SU Xichao was born in 1989. He received his Ph.D. degree in aeronautical and astronautical science and technology from Naval Aviation University in 2018. He is a lecturer at Naval Aviation University. His research interests are flight deck operations scheduling and intelligent computation. E-mail: suxich@126.com

GUO Fang was born in 1994. He received his Ph.D. degree in Aerospace Science and Technology in 2024. He is currently a lecturer at Naval Aviation University. His research interests encompass operational scheduling for carrier-based aircraft, task planning, and the application of reinforcement learning. E-mail: guofang575856@163.com

CONG Jingyu was born in 2001. She received her B.S. degree from Naval Aviation University in 2023. Her research interest is amphibious warfare applications. E-mail:1837733589@qq.com

ZHANG Yang was born in 1989. He received his Ph.D. degree from Naval Aviation University Qingdao Campus in 2003. He is currently a professor at Naval Aviation University. His research interests include operations scheduling and aircraft dynamics. E-mail: 2906517@163.com

ZHAO Zhongzheng was born in 1990, he received his B.S. degree from Shandong University of Technology in 2012. His research interests are command and control, joint test and training simulation direction business work.E-mail: 158732549@qq.com

HAN Wei was born in 1970. He received his Ph.D. degree in solid mechanics in 2003. He is currently a professor at Naval Aviation University. His research interests include operations scheduling and aircraft dynamics. E-mail: Hanwei70cnau@163.com

WANG Xinwei was born in 1992. He received his B.S. degree in engineering mechanics in 2014 and Ph.D. degree in computational mechanics in 2019 from Dalian University of Technology (DUT). He is currently an associate professor at Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT. His research interests are optimal control, trajectory optimization and mission planning. E-mail: wangxinwei@dlut.edu.cn

Abstract

Abstract:

To overcome the limitations of conventional approaches that adopt monolithic architectures and overlook critical dynamic interactions in evaluating combat effectiveness and subsystem contributions within amphibious operations, this paper proposes an integrated framework combining complex system network modeling with dynamic adversarial simulation for evaluating mission-critical system-of-systems (SoS). Specifically, the contribution rate of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to the amphibious joint landing SoS (AJLSoS) is quantified. Firstly, a standardized network topology model is developed using operation loop theory, systematically characterizing node functionalities and their interdependencies. Secondly, the ideal Lanchester equation is augmented according to the model’s static operational capability, and an amphibious operational simulation model is constructed based on the modified equation, enabling dynamic simulation of force attrition and engagement duration as key performance indicators of AJLSoS. To validate the theoretical framework, a battalion-level amphibious campaign scenario is developed to compute effectiveness metrics across multiple control scenarios and the contribution rate of UAVs to AJLSoS is analyzed. This study not only provides actionable insights for operational mission planning of UAVs in the context of amphibious operations but also demonstrates high adaptability to diverse operational contexts.

Key words: unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), system-of-systems (SoS), contribution rate, effectiveness evaluation, operation loop, Lanchester equation

Xichao SU, Fang GUO, Jingyu CONG, Yang ZHANG, Zhongzheng ZHAO, Wei HAN, Xinwei WANG. An evaluation method for contribution rate of UAVs to amphibious joint landing system of systems[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 36(6): 1613-1628.

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Opposing force	Serial number of equipment	Name of combat units	Functional entities in strike chains
Opposing force	Serial number of equipment	Name of combat units	Sensor	decision	influence
Red’s perspective	1	Landing force 1	√	√	√
	2	Landing force 2	√	√	√
	3	LHD		√
	4	UAV 1	√		√
	5	UAV 2	√		√
Blue’s perspective	1	Artillery’s garrison	√	√	√
	2	Command post’s garrison	√	√	√
	3	Frontier position	√	√	√
	4	Artillery			√
	5	Command post		√

Node type	Forces and equipment deployment (number of combat units)
Node type	Self-propelled howitzer	80 mm mortar	Individual artillery	Light infantry
Frontier position			9	36
Company command post			12	35
Brigade artillery	8		12	48
Battalion artillery		8	4	25
Battalion command post			18	48

Type of landing forces	Total person	Forces and equipment deployment (number of combat units)
Type of landing forces	Total person	Vehicle-mounted artillery	Individual artillery	Light infantry
Surface landing force	350	30	28	150
Airborne landing force	400	−	46	324
Infantry unit	90	−	9	78
Fire support unit	60	−	15	35
Reconnaissance unit	60	−	4	55

Node number	Node designator	ALU number assigned by red force
Node number	Node designator	Infantry unit	Fire support unit	Reconnaissance unit
1	Battalion command post $Y$	1	1	1
2	Company command post ${C_0}$	−	1	1
6	Brigade artillery ${P_1}$	1	1	−
7	Battalion artillery ${P_2}$	1	−	−

Node attacked by ALF	SoS operational effectiveness				SoS contribution rate
Node attacked by ALF	Ideal reference group	$\lambda = 1$,$\varepsilon = 1$, without SUARH	$\varepsilon = 0.5$, $\lambda = 1$, with SUARH	$\lambda = 0.5$,$\varepsilon = 1$, with SUARH	SUARH (influence)	SUARH (sensor)	UFWA (sensor)
Node #1	(144,66)	(146,74)	(154,95)	(162,129)	(0.013, 0.108)	(0.065, 0.305)	(0.111, 0.488)
Node #2	(138,125)	(138,125)	(151,156)	(154,164)	(0.000, 0.000)	(0.086, 0.199)	(0.104, 0.238)
Node #6	(145,42)	(145,42)	(160,61)	(170,72)	(0.000, 0.000)	(0.094, 0.311)	(0.147, 0.417)
Node #7	(145,51)	(145,54)	(162,75)	(172,88)	(0.000, 0.056)	(0.105, 0.320)	(0.157, 0.420)

An evaluation method for contribution rate of UAVs to amphibious joint landing system of systems

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